Genomics

Genomics is the study of genomes and their interaction with the environment.
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function,
evolution, mapping & editing of Genomes.
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. 

What Genomic tell us:

Assured with this "code of life", Scientists and entrepreneurs are exploiting genomic
information to improve health, increase productivity in agriculture, forestry and fisheries and help
clean up the environment.

Genomics approaches for improving salinity tolerance in crop plants.

(1) Functional Genomics :

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the
vast wealth of data given b genomic and transcription projects to describe gene functions &
interaction.

(2) Current Genomics :

Current Genomics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of genomics.
It was established in 2000 with Stefan M. Pulst as founding editor-in-chief and is published
by Bentham Science Publishers.

(3) Comparative Genomics :

- Genomes of viruses and bacteria envolve in a matter of days.
- Complex eukaryotic species evolve over millions of years.
Examples : Figer pufferfish fugu (rubripes) mouse (Mus Musculus) and Human genomers.

(4) Human Genomics:

Human Genomics is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that focuses on the application
of genomic analysis in all aspects at human health and diseases, as well as genomic analysis
of drug efficiency and safety and comparative genomics.

(5) Marine Genomics:

Genomics can be defined as discipline in genetics concerned with the study of genomes
of organisms and the outburst of chromosomes, gene DNA. Many subbranches of genomics are
emerging, including marine genomics & these demand new ways of data management.



Genomics 101:

Every cell of any living species contains genes. Genes are sequences of DNA that encode
distinct pieces of information necessary for the survival and growth of all organisms.
The entire set of genes in an organisms is known as the genome passed from one
generation to another, genes contain the essential instructions for building an organism and
determine everything from our predisposition to disease to how some bacteria can survive
extreme temperature.

What is the difference between genomics and Genetic?

The main difference between genomics and genetic is that genetics scrutinize the functioning
and composition of the single gene where as genomics addresses all genes and their inter
relationship in order to identify their combined influence on the growth and development of the
organisms.

What is genomics used for?

Genomics is an area within genetics that concerns the sequencing and analysis of an
organism’s genome. The genome is the entire DNA content that is present within one cell of
an organism.
Experts in genomics strive to determine complete DNA sequences and perform genetic
mapping to help understand disease.

Examples of Genomics:

(1) Stable Genomics (inherited genes):

- BRCA 1and 2 : Predictor of breast and ovarian cancer risks.
- LDIR and APOB : Predictor of developing early coronary artery disease.
- MODY 1-6 : Predictor at MODY diabetes: Subtypes affect treatment choice.
- CYP2D6IC19 : Main cytochrome P450 genes that affect drug metabolism - dosing.
- CYP2CG/VKORC 1 : Variants in these CP450 genes affect wartarin metabolism.
- TPMT : Guides adjustment of purinethal dosing in Acute leukaemia patients.

(2) Dynamic Genomics (Gene expression, Biomarkets):

- Estrogen receptor : predicts response to Tomoxifen in breast cancer.
- HER - 2 Receptor : Predicts response to Herceptin in breast cancer.
- PSA : Predicts risks of prostate gland cancer.
- Cholesterol : Predicts risks of heart disease and strokes.
- HIV Genotyping : To guide selection of therapy.
- PET scance : to diagnose and help manage treatment option for various cancers.

(3) Thermotogo maritina proteome:

The protein structure Initivative (PSI) solve the structures for all the proteins in Thermotogo
maritima, a thermophillic bacteria.

T. maritima was selected as a structural genomics target based on its relatively small
genome consisting of 1,877 genes and the hypothesis that the proteins expressed by a
thermophillic bacteria would be easier to crystallize.

E.Coli was used to express all open-reading frames (ORFs) of R. martina. These proteins
were then crystallized and structures were determined for successfully crystrallized proteins
using X-Ray crystallography.

Among other structures, this structural genomics approach allowed for the determination
of the structure of the TMO449 protein, which was found to exhibit a morel fold Ca tetramer
with four interconnected active sites, each contain a flavin adenine dinucleotide molecule.

DNA sequencing machine allows scientists to read the genes and other pieces of DNA
present in any genome like words, whose meaning is used, a gene’s function can depend on
what other genes are present in the genome.

Some areas of DNA that first appeared to have no function and which were labelled "Junk
DNA" have overealed through more recent genomic studies that they may have essential roles
in many cellular process.

Food Safety:

-Health Canada estimates there are 11 million cases of food-borne illness every year.
-Genomic analysis can allow food inspectors to quickly track pathogens like listerid or E.coli,
relying on the genetic fingerprint of the micororganisms.
-This could improve food safety and reduce the suffering and economic losses associated
with food poisoning.
-The same approach could also be used to ensure that the meat and fish we buy at the
super market is accurately labelled.

Manipulating the Genome :

-Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be created by cutting and pasting genes
from one organisms into another to obtain a desired trait. Genomics sequencing has allowed
scientists to better understand which genes are associated with which traits, such as resistance
to drought or disease.



Genomic research helps scientists to:

Discover new biomarks or genes that are responsible for or indicative of certain traits of
diseases.
Discover genes that are unique to an individual or a species. These genes can be used
as a "bar-code" to identify organisms much like bar-codes are used to identify.
Breed plants and animals more effectively at reduced cost.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

FINGERPRINT IS AN ART OR A SCIENCE

Image
  “It has long been an axiom of mine that the little things are infinitely the most important. ” - Arthur Conan Doyle Fingerprint! As we are already known that it is occupying only a small portion of the human body. In fact, we can also say that it’s part of our palm, toe, and shoe. But it plays a very important role nowadays. We touch things every day: a coffee mug, a door and etc. Each time we do, it is likely that we leave behind our unique signature- in our fingerprint form.            The uniqueness of fingerprints is absolutely amazing. No two people have exactly the same fingerprints. Even identical twins, with identical DNA, have a different fingerprints. This uniqueness allows fingerprints to be used in all sorts of ways, including for background checks, biometric security mass disaster identification, and of course in a criminal situations. The uniqueness of friction ridge skin is seen as one of the key premises ...
Read more

Bio-terrorism

Image
BIO-TERRORISM T he use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapon of terrorism. Bio-terrorism is terrorism by international release or dissemination of biological agent such as bacteria , virus and some types of fungi or toxins.These are also used to caused illness or death in people , animals or plants.Biological agents can be spread through air , water or through food.These agents are typically found in nature but could be mutated or altered to increase their ability to caused diseases , make them resistant to current medicine or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment.Bio-terrorism is an attractive weapon because biological agents are relatively easy and inexpensive to obtain than others. Military leaders , however ,have learned that as military asset.For military leaders it is difficult to use a bio-weapon in a way bio-weapon can not only affects the enemy but also friendly force. A biological weapon is u...
Read more

Swine Flu

Image
S wine flu is termed because the virus that first caused disease had originated from pigs. Swine flu has spread to more than twenty countries across the world. Facts : Swine flu is an acute respiratory virus. It spreads through the medium of air. Swine flue also referred to as H1N1 and swine influenza is caused by the swine influenza virus. Symptoms of Swine flu resemble those of the seasonal flu such as coughing, sore throat, fever, chills, extreme tiredness, muscle aches, and diarrhea. Swine flu first surfaced in April 2009. It affected millions of people and then in June 2009, it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Swine flu spreads rapidly and the mortality ratio is relatively low. WHO has assigned pandemic alert level 5 to swine flu. This level indicates that human to a human outbreak of swine flu is high. An interesting fact is that many virologists and scientists have the view that the H1N1 virus may not have evolved naturally and w...
Read more